test_ofctl: improving readability

Signed-off-by: Minoru TAKAHASHI <takahashi.minoru7@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: FUJITA Tomonori <fujita.tomonori@lab.ntt.co.jp>
This commit is contained in:
Minoru TAKAHASHI 2015-09-08 09:15:21 +09:00 committed by FUJITA Tomonori
parent dc2d5a90b7
commit 969b4b6837

View File

@ -116,220 +116,304 @@ class Test_ofctl(unittest.TestCase):
pass
def _test_actions(self, act, test):
act_type = act["type"]
to_actions = test.to_actions
actions_to_str = test.actions_to_str
dp = ofproto_protocol.ProtocolDesc(version=test.ver)
act_list = []
act_list.append(act)
# str -> action
result = to_actions(dp, act_list)
insts = result[0]
act_type = act["type"]
def equal_act(insts, act, act_type, test):
if act_type in test.supported_action:
cls = test.supported_action[act_type]
else:
cls = None
if act_type == 'GOTO_TABLE':
ok_(isinstance(insts, cls))
eq_(insts.table_id, act["table_id"])
elif act_type == 'WRITE_METADATA':
ok_(isinstance(insts, cls))
eq_(insts.metadata, act["metadata"])
eq_(insts.metadata_mask, act["metadata_mask"])
elif act_type == 'METER':
ok_(isinstance(insts, cls))
eq_(insts.meter_id, act["meter_id"])
else:
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
action = insts
else:
action = insts.actions[0]
ok_(isinstance(action, cls))
if act_type == 'OUTPUT':
eq_(action.port, act["port"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_VID':
eq_(action.vlan_vid, act["vlan_vid"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_PCP':
eq_(action.vlan_pcp, act["vlan_pcp"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_SRC':
eq_(addrconv.mac.bin_to_text(action.dl_addr),
act["dl_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_DST':
eq_(addrconv.mac.bin_to_text(action.dl_addr),
act["dl_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_SRC':
ip = netaddr.ip.IPAddress(action.nw_addr)
eq_(str(ip), act["nw_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_DST':
ip = netaddr.ip.IPAddress(action.nw_addr)
eq_(str(ip), act["nw_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TOS':
eq_(action.tos, act["nw_tos"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_SRC':
eq_(action.tp, act["tp_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_DST':
eq_(action.tp, act["tp_dst"])
elif act_type == 'ENQUEUE':
eq_(action.queue_id, act["queue_id"])
eq_(action.port, act["port"])
elif act_type == 'SET_MPLS_TTL':
eq_(action.mpls_ttl, act["mpls_ttl"])
elif act_type in ['PUSH_VLAN', 'PUSH_MPLS',
'POP_MPLS', 'PUSH_PBB']:
eq_(action.ethertype, act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'SET_QUEUE':
eq_(action.queue_id, act["queue_id"])
elif act_type == 'GROUP':
eq_(action.group_id, act["group_id"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TTL':
eq_(action.nw_ttl, act["nw_ttl"])
elif act_type in ['STRIP_VLAN', 'COPY_TTL_OUT',
'COPY_TTL_IN', 'DEC_MPLS_TTL',
'POP_VLAN', 'DEC_NW_TTL', 'POP_PBB']:
pass
else:
assert False
# str -> action
insts = test.to_actions(dp, [act])
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
equal_act(insts, act, act_type, test)
action = insts[0]
self._equal_str_to_act(action, act, act_type, test)
else:
if act_type == 'WRITE_ACTIONS':
ok_(isinstance(insts, test._parser.OFPInstructionActions))
eq_(insts.type, test._ofproto.OFPIT_WRITE_ACTIONS)
equal_act(insts, act["actions"][0], act["actions"][0]["type"], test)
elif act_type == 'CLEAR_ACTIONS':
ok_(isinstance(insts, test._parser.OFPInstructionActions))
eq_(insts.type, test._ofproto.OFPIT_CLEAR_ACTIONS)
else:
if act_type not in ['GOTO_TABLE', 'WRITE_METADATA', 'METER']:
ok_(isinstance(insts, test._parser.OFPInstructionActions))
eq_(insts.type, test._ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS)
equal_act(insts, act, act_type, test)
else:
equal_act(insts, act, act_type, test)
inst = insts[0]
self._equal_str_to_inst(inst, act, act_type, test)
# action -> str
action_str = actions_to_str(result)
inst_str = test.actions_to_str(insts)
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
act_str = inst_str
self._equal_act_to_str(act_str, act, act_type, test)
else:
self._equal_inst_to_str(inst_str, act, act_type, test)
def equal_str(action_str, act, act_type, test):
action_str_list = action_str[0].split(':', 1)
eq_(action_str_list[0], act_type)
def _test_match(self, attrs, test):
dp = ofproto_protocol.ProtocolDesc(version=test.ver)
# str -> match
match = test.to_match(dp, attrs)
for key, value in attrs.items():
key = self._conv_key(test, key, attrs)
self._equal_str_to_match(key, value, match, test)
# match -> str
match_str = test.match_to_str(match)
for key, value in attrs.items():
if key in conv_of12_to_of10_dict:
key_old = conv_of12_to_of10_dict[key]
else:
key_old = key
self._equal_match_to_str(key_old, value, match_str, test)
def _equal_str_to_inst(self, inst, act, act_type, test):
if act_type in test.supported_action:
cls = test.supported_action[act_type]
else:
cls = None
if act_type == 'GOTO_TABLE':
ok_(isinstance(inst, cls))
eq_(inst.table_id, act["table_id"])
elif act_type == 'WRITE_METADATA':
ok_(isinstance(inst, cls))
eq_(inst.metadata, act["metadata"])
eq_(inst.metadata_mask, act["metadata_mask"])
elif act_type == 'METER':
ok_(isinstance(inst, cls))
eq_(inst.meter_id, act["meter_id"])
elif act_type == 'WRITE_ACTIONS':
ok_(isinstance(inst, cls))
eq_(inst.type, test._ofproto.OFPIT_WRITE_ACTIONS)
self._equal_str_to_act(inst.actions[0],
act["actions"][0],
act["actions"][0]["type"],
test)
elif act_type == 'CLEAR_ACTIONS':
ok_(isinstance(inst, cls))
eq_(inst.type, test._ofproto.OFPIT_CLEAR_ACTIONS)
else:
# APPLY_ACTIONS or Uknown Action Type
ok_(isinstance(inst, test._parser.OFPInstructionActions))
eq_(inst.type, test._ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS)
self._equal_str_to_act(inst.actions[0], act,
act_type, test)
def _equal_str_to_act(self, action, act, act_type, test):
if act_type in test.supported_action:
cls = test.supported_action[act_type]
else:
cls = None
ok_(isinstance(action, cls))
if act_type == 'OUTPUT':
eq_(action.port, act["port"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_VID':
eq_(action.vlan_vid, act["vlan_vid"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_PCP':
eq_(action.vlan_pcp, act["vlan_pcp"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_SRC':
eq_(addrconv.mac.bin_to_text(action.dl_addr),
act["dl_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_DST':
eq_(addrconv.mac.bin_to_text(action.dl_addr),
act["dl_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_SRC':
ip = netaddr.ip.IPAddress(action.nw_addr)
eq_(str(ip), act["nw_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_DST':
ip = netaddr.ip.IPAddress(action.nw_addr)
eq_(str(ip), act["nw_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TOS':
eq_(action.tos, act["nw_tos"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_SRC':
eq_(action.tp, act["tp_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_DST':
eq_(action.tp, act["tp_dst"])
elif act_type == 'ENQUEUE':
eq_(action.queue_id, act["queue_id"])
eq_(action.port, act["port"])
elif act_type == 'SET_MPLS_TTL':
eq_(action.mpls_ttl, act["mpls_ttl"])
elif act_type in ['PUSH_VLAN', 'PUSH_MPLS',
'POP_MPLS', 'PUSH_PBB']:
eq_(action.ethertype, act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'SET_QUEUE':
eq_(action.queue_id, act["queue_id"])
elif act_type == 'GROUP':
eq_(action.group_id, act["group_id"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TTL':
eq_(action.nw_ttl, act["nw_ttl"])
elif act_type == 'SET_FIELD':
eq_(action.key, act['field'])
eq_(action.value, act['value'])
elif act_type in ['STRIP_VLAN', 'COPY_TTL_OUT',
'COPY_TTL_IN', 'DEC_MPLS_TTL',
'POP_VLAN', 'DEC_NW_TTL', 'POP_PBB']:
pass
else: # Uknown Action Type
assert False
def _equal_inst_to_str(self, inst_str, act, act_type, test):
if act_type == 'WRITE_ACTIONS':
act_str = inst_str[0]["WRITE_ACTIONS"]
act = act["actions"][0]
act_type = act["type"]
self._equal_act_to_str(act_str, act, act_type, test)
else:
inst_str_list = inst_str[0].split(':', 1)
eq_(inst_str_list[0], act_type)
if act_type == 'GOTO_TABLE':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["table_id"])
eq_(int(inst_str_list[1]), act["table_id"])
elif act_type == 'WRITE_METADATA':
met = action_str_list[1].split('/')
met = inst_str_list[1].split('/')
eq_(int(met[0], 16), act["metadata"])
eq_(int(met[1], 16), act["metadata_mask"])
elif act_type == 'METER':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["meter_id"])
eq_(int(inst_str_list[1]), act["meter_id"])
elif act_type == 'CLEAR_ACTIONS':
pass
else:
if act_type == 'OUTPUT':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["port"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_VID':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["vlan_vid"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_PCP':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["vlan_pcp"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_SRC':
eq_(action_str_list[1], act["dl_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_DST':
eq_(action_str_list[1], act["dl_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_SRC':
eq_(action_str_list[1], act["nw_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_DST':
eq_(action_str_list[1], act["nw_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TOS':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["nw_tos"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_SRC':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["tp_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_DST':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["tp_dst"])
elif act_type == 'ENQUEUE':
enq = action_str_list[1].split(':')
eq_(int(enq[0], 10), act["port"])
eq_(int(enq[1], 10), act["queue_id"])
elif act_type == 'SET_MPLS_TTL':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["mpls_ttl"])
elif act_type == 'PUSH_VLAN':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'PUSH_MPLS':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'POP_MPLS':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'SET_QUEUE':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["queue_id"])
elif act_type == 'GROUP':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["group_id"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TTL':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["nw_ttl"])
elif act_type == 'SET_FIELD':
eq_(action_str_list[1].strip(' {'), act["field"])
eq_(action_str_list[2].strip('} '), act["value"])
elif act_type == 'PUSH_PBB':
eq_(int(action_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type in ['STRIP_VLAN', 'COPY_TTL_OUT',
'COPY_TTL_IN', 'DEC_MPLS_TTL',
'POP_VLAN', 'DEC_NW_TTL', 'POP_PBB']:
pass
else:
assert False
# APPLY_ACTIONS
act_str = inst_str
self._equal_act_to_str(act_str, act, act_type, test)
if act_type == 'WRITE_ACTIONS':
action_str = action_str[0]["WRITE_ACTIONS"]
act = act["actions"][0]
act_type = act["type"]
equal_str(action_str, act, act_type, test)
def _equal_act_to_str(self, act_str, act, act_type, test):
act_str_list = act_str[0].split(':', 1)
eq_(act_str_list[0], act_type)
if act_type == 'OUTPUT':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["port"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_VID':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["vlan_vid"])
elif act_type == 'SET_VLAN_PCP':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["vlan_pcp"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_SRC':
eq_(act_str_list[1], act["dl_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_DL_DST':
eq_(act_str_list[1], act["dl_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_SRC':
eq_(act_str_list[1], act["nw_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_DST':
eq_(act_str_list[1], act["nw_dst"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TOS':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["nw_tos"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_SRC':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["tp_src"])
elif act_type == 'SET_TP_DST':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["tp_dst"])
elif act_type == 'ENQUEUE':
enq = act_str_list[1].split(':')
eq_(int(enq[0], 10), act["port"])
eq_(int(enq[1], 10), act["queue_id"])
elif act_type == 'SET_MPLS_TTL':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["mpls_ttl"])
elif act_type == 'PUSH_VLAN':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'PUSH_MPLS':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'POP_MPLS':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type == 'SET_QUEUE':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["queue_id"])
elif act_type == 'GROUP':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["group_id"])
elif act_type == 'SET_NW_TTL':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["nw_ttl"])
elif act_type == 'SET_FIELD':
field, value = act_str_list[1].split(':')
eq_(field.strip(' {'), act["field"])
eq_(int(value.strip('} ')), act["value"])
elif act_type == 'PUSH_PBB':
eq_(int(act_str_list[1]), act["ethertype"])
elif act_type in ['STRIP_VLAN', 'COPY_TTL_OUT',
'COPY_TTL_IN', 'DEC_MPLS_TTL',
'POP_VLAN', 'DEC_NW_TTL', 'POP_PBB']:
pass
else:
equal_str(action_str, act, act_type, test)
assert False
def _test_to_match(self, attrs, test):
to_match = test.to_match
match_to_str = test.match_to_str
dp = ofproto_protocol.ProtocolDesc(version=test.ver)
ofproto = dp.ofproto
def _equal_str_to_match(self, key, value, match, test):
field_value = self._get_field_value(test, key, match)
# str -> match
match = to_match(dp, attrs)
def equal_match(key, value, match):
key = self._conv_key(test, key, attrs)
field_value = self._get_field_value(test, key, match)
if key in ['eth_src', 'eth_dst', 'arp_sha', 'arp_tha']:
# MAC address
eth, mask = _to_match_eth(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
for i in range(0, len(mask)):
if mask[i] == 'f':
eq_(eth[i], field_value[0][i])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(eth, field_value)
return
elif key in ['dl_src', 'dl_dst']:
eth, mask = _to_match_eth(value)
field_value = addrconv.mac.bin_to_text(field_value)
if key in ['eth_src', 'eth_dst', 'arp_sha', 'arp_tha']:
# MAC address
eth, mask = _to_match_eth(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
for i in range(0, len(mask)):
if mask[i] == 'f':
eq_(eth[i], field_value[0][i])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(eth, field_value)
return
elif key in ['ipv4_src', 'ipv4_dst', 'arp_spa', 'arp_tpa']:
# IPv4 address
ipv4, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value)
return
elif key in ['nw_src', 'nw_dst']:
# IPv4 address
return
elif key in ['dl_src', 'dl_dst']:
eth, mask = _to_match_eth(value)
field_value = addrconv.mac.bin_to_text(field_value)
eq_(eth, field_value)
return
elif key in ['ipv4_src', 'ipv4_dst', 'arp_spa', 'arp_tpa']:
# IPv4 address
ipv4, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value)
return
elif key in ['nw_src', 'nw_dst']:
# IPv4 address
ipv4, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
field_value = _to_match_ip(field_value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
return
elif key in ['ipv6_src', 'ipv6_dst']:
# IPv6 address
ipv6, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
eq_(ipv6, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv6, field_value)
return
elif key == 'vlan_vid':
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
eq_(value, field_value)
else:
eq_(test.expected_value['vlan_vid'][
value]['to_match'], field_value)
return
else:
if isinstance(value, str) and '/' in value:
# with mask
value, mask = _to_match_masked_int(value)
value &= mask
eq_(value, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(_str_to_int(value), field_value)
return
def _equal_match_to_str(self, key, value, match_str, test):
field_value = match_str[key]
if key in ['dl_src', 'dl_dst', 'arp_sha', 'arp_tha']:
# MAC address
eth, mask = _to_match_eth(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
field_value = field_value.split('/')
for i in range(0, len(mask)):
if mask[i] == 'f':
eq_(eth[i], field_value[0][i])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(eth, field_value)
return
elif key in['nw_src', 'nw_dst', 'arp_spa', 'arp_tpa']:
# IPv4 address
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
ipv4, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
field_value = _to_match_ip(field_value)
if mask is not None:
@ -339,117 +423,45 @@ class Test_ofctl(unittest.TestCase):
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
return
elif key in ['ipv6_src', 'ipv6_dst']:
# IPv6 address
ipv6, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
eq_(ipv6, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv6, field_value)
return
elif key == 'vlan_vid':
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
eq_(value, field_value)
else:
eq_(test.expected_value['vlan_vid'][
value]['to_match'], field_value)
return
else:
if isinstance(value, str) and '/' in value:
# with mask
value, mask = _to_match_masked_int(value)
value &= mask
eq_(value, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(_str_to_int(value), field_value)
return
for key, value in attrs.items():
equal_match(key, value, match)
# match -> str
match_str = match_to_str(match)
def equal_str(key, value, match_str):
field_value = match_str[key]
if key in ['dl_src', 'dl_dst', 'arp_sha', 'arp_tha']:
# MAC address
eth, mask = _to_match_eth(value)
ipv4, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
field_value = field_value.split('/')
for i in range(0, len(mask)):
if mask[i] == 'f':
eq_(eth[i], field_value[0][i])
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(eth, field_value)
return
elif key in['nw_src', 'nw_dst', 'arp_spa', 'arp_tpa']:
# IPv4 address
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
ipv4, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
field_value = _to_match_ip(field_value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
else:
ipv4, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
field_value = field_value.split('/')
eq_(ipv4, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv4, field_value)
return
elif key in ['ipv6_src', 'ipv6_dst']:
# IPv6 address
ipv6, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
field_value = field_value.split('/')
eq_(ipv6, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
# without mask
eq_(ipv6, field_value)
return
elif key == 'dl_vlan':
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
eq_(value, field_value)
else:
eq_(test.expected_value['vlan_vid'][
value]['to_str'], field_value)
return
eq_(ipv4, field_value)
return
elif key in ['ipv6_src', 'ipv6_dst']:
# IPv6 address
ipv6, mask = _to_match_ip(value)
if mask is not None:
# with mask
field_value = field_value.split('/')
eq_(ipv6, field_value[0])
eq_(mask, field_value[1])
else:
if isinstance(value, str) and '/' in value:
# with mask
value = _to_masked_int_str(value)
eq_(value, field_value)
else:
# without mask
eq_(_str_to_int(value), field_value)
return
for key, value in attrs.items():
if key in conv_of12_to_of10_dict:
key_old = conv_of12_to_of10_dict[key]
# without mask
eq_(ipv6, field_value)
return
elif key == 'dl_vlan':
if test.ver == ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
eq_(value, field_value)
else:
key_old = key
equal_str(key_old, value, match_str)
eq_(test.expected_value['vlan_vid'][
value]['to_str'], field_value)
return
else:
if isinstance(value, str) and '/' in value:
# with mask
value = _to_masked_int_str(value)
eq_(value, field_value)
else:
# without mask
eq_(_str_to_int(value), field_value)
return
def _conv_key(self, test, key, attrs):
if test.ver != ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION:
@ -723,6 +735,8 @@ class test_data_v1_2(test_data_base):
'SET_FIELD': self._parser.OFPActionSetField,
'GOTO_TABLE': self._parser.OFPInstructionGotoTable,
'WRITE_METADATA': self._parser.OFPInstructionWriteMetadata,
'WRITE_ACTIONS': self._parser.OFPInstructionActions,
'CLEAR_ACTIONS': self._parser.OFPInstructionActions,
})
self.set_expected_value()
@ -827,7 +841,7 @@ def _add_tests_match(cls):
def _run(self, name, attr, cls):
print('processing %s ...' % name)
cls_ = Test_ofctl(name)
cls_._test_to_match(attr, cls)
cls_._test_match(attr, cls)
print('adding %s ...' % method_name)
func = functools.partial(
_run, name=method_name, attr=attr, cls=cls)