Pass through JSON

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 *~
+.*.swp

README.md

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 This is a port of [jsonnet](http://jsonnet.org/) to go.  It is very much a work in progress.
 
 This implementation is largely based on the the [jsonnet C++ implementation](https://github.com/google/jsonnet).
+The precise revision is
+https://github.com/google/jsonnet/tree/27ddf2c2f7041c09316cf7c9ef13af9588fdd671 but when we reach
+feature parity with that revision, we will chase up all the recent changes on the C++ side.
 
 ## Implementation Notes
 

ast.go

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ type identifiers []identifier
 
 type astNode interface {
 	Loc() *LocationRange
+	FreeVariables() identifiers
 }
 type astNodes []astNode
 
@@ -39,12 +40,17 @@ type astNodes []astNode
 
 type astNodeBase struct {
 	loc           LocationRange
+	freeVariables identifiers
 }
 
 func (n *astNodeBase) Loc() *LocationRange {
 	return &n.loc
 }
 
+func (n *astNodeBase) FreeVariables() identifiers {
+	return n.freeVariables
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // +gen stringer
@@ -386,7 +392,15 @@ type astObjectField struct {
 	expr2, expr3  astNode     // In scope of the object (can see self).
 }
 
-// TODO(jbeda): Add constructor helpers here
+// TODO(jbeda): Add the remaining constructor helpers here
+
+func astObjectFieldLocal(methodSugar bool, id *identifier, ids identifiers, trailingComma bool, body astNode) astObjectField {
+	return astObjectField{astObjectLocal, astObjectFieldVisible, false, methodSugar, nil, id, ids, trailingComma, body, nil}
+}
+
+func astObjectFieldLocalNoMethod(id *identifier, body astNode) astObjectField {
+	return astObjectField{astObjectLocal, astObjectFieldVisible, false, false, nil, id, identifiers{}, false, body, nil}
+}
 
 type astObjectFields []astObjectField
 
@@ -504,7 +518,6 @@ type astUnary struct {
 type astVar struct {
 	astNodeBase
 	id identifier
-	original identifier
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

desugarer.go

@@ -16,15 +16,387 @@ limitations under the License.
 
 package jsonnet
 
-func desugar(ast astNode, objLevel int) (astNode, error) {
-	return ast, nil
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+func makeStr(s string) *astLiteralString {
+	return &astLiteralString{astNodeBase{loc: LocationRange{}}, s, astStringDouble, ""}
 }
 
-func desugarFile(ast astNode) (astNode, error) {
-	ast, err := desugar(ast, 0)
+func stringUnescape(loc *LocationRange, s string) (string, error) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	// read one rune at a time
+	for i := 0; i < len(s); {
+		r, w := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s[i:])
+		i += w
+		switch r {
+		case '\\':
+			if i >= len(s) {
+				return "", makeStaticError("Truncated escape sequence in string literal.", *loc)
+			}
+			r2, w := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s[i:])
+			i += w
+			switch r2 {
+			case '"':
+				buf.WriteRune('"')
+			case '\\':
+				buf.WriteRune('\\')
+			case '/':
+				buf.WriteRune('/') // This one is odd, maybe a mistake.
+			case 'b':
+				buf.WriteRune('\b')
+			case 'f':
+				buf.WriteRune('\f')
+			case 'n':
+				buf.WriteRune('\n')
+			case 'r':
+				buf.WriteRune('\r')
+			case 't':
+				buf.WriteRune('\t')
+			case 'u':
+				if i+4 > len(s) {
+					return "", makeStaticError("Truncated unicode escape sequence in string literal.", *loc)
+				}
+				codeBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(s[0:4])
 				if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+					return "", makeStaticError(fmt.Sprintf("Unicode escape sequence was malformed: %s", s[0:4]), *loc)
+				}
+				code := int(codeBytes[0])*256 + int(codeBytes[1])
+				buf.WriteRune(rune(code))
+				i += 4
+			default:
+				return "", makeStaticError(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown escape sequence in string literal: \\%c", r2), *loc)
+			}
+
+		default:
+			buf.WriteRune(r)
+		}
+	}
+	return buf.String(), nil
+}
+
+func desugarFields(location LocationRange, fields *astObjectFields, objLevel int) error {
+
+	// Desugar children
+	for _, field := range *fields {
+		if field.expr1 != nil {
+			err := desugar(&field.expr1, objLevel)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		err := desugar(&field.expr2, objLevel+1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if field.expr3 != nil {
+			err := desugar(&field.expr3, objLevel+1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Simplify asserts
+	// TODO(dcunnin): this
+	for _, field := range *fields {
+		if field.kind != astObjectAssert {
+			continue
+		}
+		/*
+			AST *msg = field.expr3
+			field.expr3 = nil
+			if (msg == nil) {
+				auto msg_str = U"Object assertion failed."
+				msg = alloc->make<LiteralString>(field.expr2->location, msg_str,
+												 LiteralString::DOUBLE, "")
+			}
+
+			// if expr2 then true else error msg
+			field.expr2 = alloc->make<Conditional>(
+				ast->location,
+				field.expr2,
+				alloc->make<LiteralBoolean>(E, true),
+				alloc->make<Error>(msg->location, msg))
+		*/
+	}
+
+	// Remove methods
+	// TODO(dcunnin): this
+	for _, field := range *fields {
+		if !field.methodSugar {
+			continue
+		}
+		/*
+			field.expr2 = alloc->make<Function>(
+				field.expr2->location, field.ids, false, field.expr2)
+			field.methodSugar = false
+			field.ids.clear()
+		*/
+	}
+
+	// Remove object-level locals
+	newFields := []astObjectField{}
+	var binds astLocalBinds
+	for _, local := range *fields {
+		if local.kind != astObjectLocal {
+			continue
+		}
+		binds = append(binds, astLocalBind{variable: *local.id, body: local.expr2})
+	}
+	for _, field := range *fields {
+		if field.kind == astObjectLocal {
+			continue
+		}
+		if len(binds) > 0 {
+			field.expr2 = &astLocal{astNodeBase{loc: *field.expr2.Loc()}, binds, field.expr2}
+		}
+		newFields = append(newFields, field)
+	}
+	*fields = newFields
+
+	// Change all to FIELD_EXPR
+	for i := range *fields {
+		field := &(*fields)[i]
+		switch field.kind {
+		case astObjectAssert:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+		case astObjectFieldID:
+			field.expr1 = makeStr(string(*field.id))
+			field.kind = astObjectFieldExpr
+
+		case astObjectFieldExpr:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+		case astObjectFieldStr:
+			// Just set the flag.
+			field.kind = astObjectFieldExpr
+
+		case astObjectLocal:
+			return fmt.Errorf("INTERNAL ERROR: Locals should be removed by now.")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Remove +:
+	// TODO(dcunnin): this
+	for _, field := range *fields {
+		if !field.superSugar {
+			continue
+		}
+		/*
+			AST *super_f = alloc->make<SuperIndex>(field.expr1->location, field.expr1, nil)
+			field.expr2 = alloc->make<Binary>(ast->location, super_f, BOP_PLUS, field.expr2)
+			field.superSugar = false
+		*/
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func desugar(astPtr *astNode, objLevel int) error {
+	ast := *astPtr
+	// TODO(dcunnin): Remove all uses of unimplErr.
+	unimplErr := makeStaticError(fmt.Sprintf("Desugarer does not yet implement ast: %s", reflect.TypeOf(ast)), *ast.Loc())
+
+	var err error // Make all recursive calls of the form err = desugar, rather than some being err := desugar
+
+	switch ast := ast.(type) {
+	case *astApply:
+		err = desugar(&ast.target, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for i := range ast.arguments {
+			err = desugar(&ast.arguments[i], objLevel)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+	case *astApplyBrace:
+		err = desugar(&ast.left, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		err = desugar(&ast.right, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		*astPtr = &astBinary{
+			astNodeBase: ast.astNodeBase,
+			left:        ast.left,
+			op:          bopPlus,
+			right:       ast.right,
+		}
+
+	case *astArray:
+		for i := range ast.elements {
+			err = desugar(&ast.elements[i], objLevel)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+	case *astArrayComp:
+		return unimplErr
+
+	case *astAssert:
+		return unimplErr
+
+	case *astBinary:
+		err = desugar(&ast.left, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		err = desugar(&ast.right, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// TODO(dcunnin): Need to handle bopPercent, bopManifestUnequal, bopManifestEqual
+
+	case *astBuiltin:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	case *astConditional:
+		err = desugar(&ast.cond, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		err = desugar(&ast.branchTrue, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if ast.branchFalse != nil {
+			ast.branchFalse = &astLiteralNull{}
+		}
+
+	case *astDollar:
+		if objLevel == 0 {
+			return makeStaticError("No top-level object found.", *ast.Loc())
+		}
+		*astPtr = &astVar{astNodeBase: ast.astNodeBase, id: identifier("$")}
+
+	case *astError:
+		err = desugar(&ast.expr, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+	case *astFunction:
+		err = desugar(&ast.body, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+	case *astImport:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	case *astImportStr:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	case *astIndex:
+		return unimplErr
+
+	case *astLocal:
+		for _, bind := range ast.binds {
+			err = desugar(&bind.body, objLevel)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		err = desugar(&ast.body, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// TODO(dcunnin): Desugar local functions
+
+	case *astLiteralBoolean:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	case *astLiteralNull:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	case *astLiteralNumber:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	case *astLiteralString:
+		unescaped, err := stringUnescape(ast.Loc(), ast.value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ast.value = unescaped
+		ast.kind = astStringDouble
+		ast.blockIndent = ""
+
+	case *astObject:
+		// Hidden variable to allow $ binding.
+		if objLevel == 0 {
+			dollar := identifier("$")
+			ast.fields = append(ast.fields, astObjectFieldLocalNoMethod(&dollar, &astSelf{}))
+		}
+
+		err = desugarFields(*ast.Loc(), &ast.fields, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		var newFields astDesugaredObjectFields
+		var newAsserts astNodes
+
+		for _, field := range ast.fields {
+			if field.kind == astObjectAssert {
+				newAsserts = append(newAsserts, field.expr2)
+			} else if field.kind == astObjectFieldExpr {
+				newFields = append(newFields, astDesugaredObjectField{field.hide, field.expr1, field.expr2})
+			} else {
+				return fmt.Errorf("INTERNAL ERROR: field should have been desugared: %s", field.kind)
+			}
+		}
+
+		*astPtr = &astDesugaredObject{ast.astNodeBase, newAsserts, newFields}
+
+	case *astDesugaredObject:
+		return unimplErr
+
+	case *astObjectComp:
+		return unimplErr
+
+	case *astObjectComprehensionSimple:
+		return unimplErr
+
+	case *astSelf:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	case *astSuperIndex:
+		return unimplErr
+
+	case *astUnary:
+		err = desugar(&ast.expr, objLevel)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+	case *astVar:
+		// Nothing to do.
+
+	default:
+		return makeStaticError(fmt.Sprintf("Desugarer does not recognize ast: %s", reflect.TypeOf(ast)), *ast.Loc())
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func desugarFile(ast *astNode) error {
+	err := desugar(ast, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 	// TODO(dcunnin): wrap in std local
-	return ast, nil
+	return nil
 }

interpreter.go

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 )
 
 // Misc top-level stuff
@@ -37,8 +39,15 @@ type RuntimeError struct {
 	Msg        string
 }
 
-func makeRuntimeError(msg string) RuntimeError {
+func makeRuntimeError(loc *LocationRange, msg string) RuntimeError {
+	// TODO(dcunnin): Build proper stacktrace.
 	return RuntimeError{
+		StackTrace: []TraceFrame{
+			{
+				Loc:  *loc,
+				Name: "name",
+			},
+		},
 		Msg: msg,
 	}
 }
@@ -50,7 +59,7 @@ func (err RuntimeError) Error() string {
 
 // Values and state
 
-type bindingFrame map[*identifier]thunk
+type bindingFrame map[identifier]*thunk
 
 type value interface {
 }
@@ -88,43 +97,63 @@ func makeValueNull() *valueNull {
 }
 
 type thunk struct {
-	Content  value // nil if not filled
-	Name     *identifier
-	UpValues bindingFrame
-	Self     value
-	Offset   int
-	Body     astNode
+	content  value // nil if not filled
+	name     identifier
+	upValues bindingFrame
+	self     value
+	offset   int
+	body     astNode
 }
 
-func makeThunk(name *identifier, self *value, offset int, body astNode) *thunk {
+func makeThunk(name identifier, self value, offset int, body astNode) *thunk {
 	return &thunk{
-		Name:   name,
-		Self:   self,
-		Offset: offset,
-		Body:   body,
+		name:   name,
+		self:   self,
+		offset: offset,
+		body:   body,
 	}
 }
 
 func (t *thunk) fill(v value) {
-	t.Content = v
-	t.Self = nil
-	t.UpValues = make(bindingFrame) // clear the map
+	t.content = v
+	t.self = nil
+	t.upValues = make(bindingFrame) // clear the map
+}
+
+func (t *thunk) filled() bool {
+	return t.content != nil
 }
 
 type valueArray struct {
-	Elements []thunk
+	elements []*thunk
 }
 
-func makeValueArray(elements []thunk) *valueArray {
+func makeValueArray(elements []*thunk) *valueArray {
 	return &valueArray{
-		Elements: elements,
+		elements: elements,
 	}
 }
 
-// TODO(dcunnin): SimpleObject
-// TODO(dcunnin): ExtendedObject
-// TODO(dcunnin): ComprehensionObject
-// TODO(dcunnin): Closure
+type valueClosure struct {
+	upValues bindingFrame
+}
+
+type valueSimpleObjectField struct {
+	hide astObjectFieldHide
+	body astNode
+}
+
+type valueSimpleObjectFieldMap map[string]valueSimpleObjectField
+
+type valueSimpleObject struct {
+	upValues bindingFrame
+	fields   valueSimpleObjectFieldMap
+	asserts  []astNode
+}
+
+// TODO(dcunnin): extendedObject
+// TODO(dcunnin): comprehensionObject
+// TODO(dcunnin): closure
 
 // The stack
 
@@ -135,19 +164,106 @@ type TraceFrame struct {
 }
 
 type callFrame struct {
+	isCall   bool
+	ast      astNode
+	location LocationRange
+	tailCall bool
+	thunks   []*thunk
+	context  value
+	self     value
+	offset   int
 	bindings bindingFrame
 }
 
 type callStack struct {
-	Calls int
-	Limit int
-	Stack []callFrame
+	calls int
+	limit int
+	stack []*callFrame
+}
+
+func (s *callStack) top() *callFrame {
+	return s.stack[len(s.stack)-1]
+
+}
+
+func (s *callStack) pop() {
+	if s.top().isCall {
+		s.calls--
+	}
+	s.stack = s.stack[:len(s.stack)-1]
+
+}
+
+/** If there is a tailstrict annotated frame followed by some locals, pop them all. */
+func (s *callStack) tailCallTrimStack() {
+	for i := len(s.stack) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if s.stack[i].isCall {
+			// If thunks > 0 that means we are still executing args (tailstrict).
+			if !s.stack[i].tailCall || len(s.stack[i].thunks) > 0 {
+				return
+			}
+			// Remove all stack frames including this one.
+			s.stack = s.stack[:i]
+			s.calls--
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *callStack) newCall(loc *LocationRange, context value, self value, offset int, upValues bindingFrame) error {
+	s.tailCallTrimStack()
+	if s.calls >= s.limit {
+		return makeRuntimeError(loc, "Max stack frames exceeded.")
+	}
+	s.stack = append(s.stack, &callFrame{
+		isCall:   true,
+		location: *loc,
+		context:  context,
+		self:     self,
+		offset:   offset,
+		bindings: upValues,
+		tailCall: false,
+	})
+	s.calls++
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *callStack) newLocal(vars bindingFrame) {
+	s.stack = append(s.stack, &callFrame{
+		bindings: vars,
+	})
+}
+
+// getSelfBinding resolves the self construct
+func (s *callStack) getSelfBinding() (value, int) {
+	for i := len(s.stack) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if s.stack[i].isCall {
+			return s.stack[i].self, s.stack[i].offset
+		}
+	}
+	// Should never get here if the stack is well-formed.
+	return nil, 0
+}
+
+// lookUpVar finds for the closest variable in scope that matches the given name.
+func (s *callStack) lookUpVar(id identifier) *thunk {
+	for i := len(s.stack) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		bind := s.stack[i].bindings[id]
+		if bind != nil {
+			return bind
+		}
+		if s.stack[i].isCall {
+			// Nothing beyond the captured environment of the thunk / closure.
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func makeCallStack(limit int) callStack {
 	return callStack{
-		Calls: 0,
-		Limit: limit,
+		calls: 0,
+		limit: limit,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -156,35 +272,216 @@ func makeCallStack(limit int) callStack {
 // TODO(dcunnin): Add multi output.
 
 type interpreter struct {
-	Stack        callStack
-	ExternalVars vmExtMap
+	stack          callStack
+	idArrayElement identifier
+	idInvariant    identifier
+	externalVars   vmExtMap
 }
 
-func (i *interpreter) execute(a astNode) (value, error) {
+func (i *interpreter) capture(freeVars identifiers) bindingFrame {
+	var env bindingFrame
+	for _, fv := range freeVars {
+		env[fv] = i.stack.lookUpVar(fv)
+	}
+	return env
+}
+
+type fieldHideMap map[string]astObjectFieldHide
+
+func (i *interpreter) objectFieldsAux(obj value) fieldHideMap {
+	r := make(fieldHideMap)
+	switch obj := obj.(type) {
+	// case *valueExtendedObject:
+	// TODO(dcunnin): this
+
+	case *valueSimpleObject:
+		for fieldName, field := range obj.fields {
+			r[fieldName] = field.hide
+		}
+
+		// case *valueComprehensionObject:
+		// TODO(dcunnin): this
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+func (i *interpreter) objectFields(obj value, manifesting bool) []string {
+	var r []string
+	for fieldName, hide := range i.objectFieldsAux(obj) {
+		if !manifesting || hide != astObjectFieldHidden {
+			r = append(r, fieldName)
+		}
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+func (i *interpreter) findObject(f string, curr value, startFrom int, counter *int) value {
+	switch curr := curr.(type) {
+	// case *valueExtendedObject:
+	// TODO(dcunnin): this
+
+	case *valueSimpleObject:
+		if *counter >= startFrom {
+			if _, ok := curr.fields[f]; ok {
+				return curr
+			}
+		}
+		*counter++
+
+		// case *valueComprehensionObject:
+		/*
+			if *counter >= startFrom {
+				// TODO(dcunnin): this
+			}
+			*counter++
+		*/
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *interpreter) objectIndex(loc *LocationRange, obj value, f string, offset int) (astNode, error) {
+	var foundAt int
+	self := obj
+	found := i.findObject(f, obj, offset, &foundAt)
+	if found == nil {
+		return nil, makeRuntimeError(loc, fmt.Sprintf("Field does not exist: %s", f))
+	}
+	switch found := found.(type) {
+	case *valueSimpleObject:
+		field := found.fields[f]
+		i.stack.newCall(loc, found, self, foundAt, found.upValues)
+		return field.body, nil
+	// case *valueComprehensionObject:
+	/*
+		// TODO(dcunnin): this
+	*/
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Internal error: findObject returned unrecognized type: %s", reflect.TypeOf(found))
+	}
+}
+
+func (i *interpreter) evaluate(a astNode) (value, error) {
 	// TODO(dcunnin): All the other cases...
 	switch ast := a.(type) {
+	case *astArray:
+		self, offset := i.stack.getSelfBinding()
+		var elements []*thunk
+		for _, el := range ast.elements {
+			elThunk := makeThunk(i.idArrayElement, self, offset, el)
+			elThunk.upValues = i.capture(el.FreeVariables())
+			elements = append(elements, elThunk)
+		}
+		return &valueArray{elements}, nil
+
 	case *astBinary:
 		// TODO(dcunnin): Assume it's + on numbers for now
-		leftVal, err := i.execute(ast.left)
+		leftVal, err := i.evaluate(ast.left)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		leftNum := leftVal.(*valueNumber).value
-		rightVal, err := i.execute(ast.right)
+		rightVal, err := i.evaluate(ast.right)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		rightNum := rightVal.(*valueNumber).value
 		return makeValueNumber(leftNum + rightNum), nil
-	case *astLiteralNull:
-		return makeValueNull(), nil
+
+	case *astDesugaredObject:
+		// Evaluate all the field names.  Check for null, dups, etc.
+		fields := make(valueSimpleObjectFieldMap)
+		for _, field := range ast.fields {
+			fieldNameValue, err := i.evaluate(field.name)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			var fieldName string
+			switch fieldNameValue := fieldNameValue.(type) {
+			case *valueString:
+				fieldName = fieldNameValue.value
+			case *valueNull:
+				// Omitted field.
+				continue
+			default:
+				return nil, makeRuntimeError(ast.Loc(), "Field name was not a string.")
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if _, ok := fields[fieldName]; ok {
+				return nil, makeRuntimeError(ast.Loc(), fmt.Sprintf("Duplicate field name: \"%s\"", fieldName))
+			}
+			fields[fieldName] = valueSimpleObjectField{field.hide, field.body}
+		}
+		upValues := i.capture(ast.FreeVariables())
+		return &valueSimpleObject{upValues, fields, ast.asserts}, nil
+
 	case *astLiteralBoolean:
 		return makeValueBoolean(ast.value), nil
+
+	case *astLiteralNull:
+		return makeValueNull(), nil
+
 	case *astLiteralNumber:
 		return makeValueNumber(ast.value), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, makeRuntimeError("Executing this AST type not implemented yet.")
+
+	case *astLiteralString:
+		return makeValueString(ast.value), nil
+
+	case *astLocal:
+		vars := make(bindingFrame)
+		self, offset := i.stack.getSelfBinding()
+		for _, bind := range ast.binds {
+			th := makeThunk(bind.variable, self, offset, bind.body)
+			vars[bind.variable] = th
 		}
+		for _, bind := range ast.binds {
+			th := vars[bind.variable]
+			th.upValues = i.capture(bind.body.FreeVariables())
+		}
+		i.stack.newLocal(vars)
+		// Add new stack frame, with new thunk for this variable
+		// execute body WRT stack frame.
+		return i.evaluate(ast.body)
+
+	default:
+		return nil, makeRuntimeError(ast.Loc(), fmt.Sprintf("Executing this AST type not implemented yet: %v", reflect.TypeOf(a)))
+	}
+}
+
+// unparseString Wraps in "" and escapes stuff to make the string JSON-compliant and human-readable.
+func unparseString(v string) string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	buf.WriteString("\"")
+	for _, c := range v {
+		switch c {
+		case '"':
+			buf.WriteString("\n")
+		case '\\':
+			buf.WriteString("\\\\")
+		case '\b':
+			buf.WriteString("\\b")
+		case '\f':
+			buf.WriteString("\\f")
+		case '\n':
+			buf.WriteString("\\n")
+		case '\r':
+			buf.WriteString("\\r")
+		case '\t':
+			buf.WriteString("\\t")
+		case 0:
+			buf.WriteString("\\u0000")
+		default:
+			if c < 0x20 || (c >= 0x7f && c <= 0x9f) {
+				buf.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\\u%04x", int(c)))
+			} else {
+				buf.WriteRune(c)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	buf.WriteString("\"")
+	return buf.String()
 }
 
 func unparseNumber(v float64) string {
@@ -198,36 +495,157 @@ func unparseNumber(v float64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%.17g", v)
 }
 
-func (i *interpreter) manifestJSON(v value, multiline bool, indent string, buf *bytes.Buffer) error {
+func (i *interpreter) manifestJSON(loc *LocationRange, v value, multiline bool, indent string, buf *bytes.Buffer) error {
 	// TODO(dcunnin): All the other types...
 	switch v := v.(type) {
+	case *valueArray:
+		if len(v.elements) == 0 {
+			buf.WriteString("[ ]")
+		} else {
+			var prefix string
+			var indent2 string
+			if multiline {
+				prefix = "[\n"
+				indent2 = indent + "   "
+			} else {
+				prefix = "["
+				indent2 = indent
+			}
+			for _, th := range v.elements {
+				tloc := loc
+				if th.body != nil {
+					tloc = th.body.Loc()
+				}
+				var elVal value
+				if th.filled() {
+					i.stack.newCall(loc, th, nil, 0, make(bindingFrame))
+					elVal = th.content
+				} else {
+					i.stack.newCall(loc, th, th.self, th.offset, th.upValues)
+					var err error
+					elVal, err = i.evaluate(th.body)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+				buf.WriteString(prefix)
+				buf.WriteString(indent2)
+				err := i.manifestJSON(tloc, elVal, multiline, indent2, buf)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				i.stack.pop()
+				if multiline {
+					prefix = ",\n"
+				} else {
+					prefix = ", "
+				}
+			}
+			if multiline {
+				buf.WriteString("\n")
+			}
+			buf.WriteString(indent)
+			buf.WriteString("]")
+		}
+
 	case *valueBoolean:
 		if v.value {
 			buf.WriteString("true")
 		} else {
 			buf.WriteString("false")
 		}
-	case *valueNull:
-		buf.WriteString("null")
+
+	case *valueClosure:
+		return makeRuntimeError(loc, "Couldn't manifest function in JSON output.")
+
 	case *valueNumber:
 		buf.WriteString(unparseNumber(v.value))
+
+	case *valueNull:
+		buf.WriteString("null")
+
+	// TODO(dcunnin): Other types representing objects will be handled by the same code here.
+	case *valueSimpleObject:
+		// TODO(dcunnin): Run invariants (object-level assertions).
+
+		fieldNames := i.objectFields(v, true)
+		sort.Strings(fieldNames)
+
+		if len(fieldNames) == 0 {
+			buf.WriteString("{ }")
+		} else {
+			var prefix string
+			var indent2 string
+			if multiline {
+				prefix = "{\n"
+				indent2 = indent + "   "
+			} else {
+				prefix = "{"
+				indent2 = indent
+			}
+			for _, fieldName := range fieldNames {
+
+				body, err := i.objectIndex(loc, v, fieldName, 0)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				fieldVal, err := i.evaluate(body)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				buf.WriteString(prefix)
+				buf.WriteString(indent2)
+
+				buf.WriteString("\"")
+				buf.WriteString(fieldName)
+				buf.WriteString("\"")
+				buf.WriteString(": ")
+
+				err = i.manifestJSON(body.Loc(), fieldVal, multiline, indent2, buf)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				if multiline {
+					prefix = ",\n"
+				} else {
+					prefix = ", "
+				}
+			}
+
+			if multiline {
+				buf.WriteString("\n")
+			}
+			buf.WriteString(indent)
+			buf.WriteString("}")
+		}
+
+	case *valueString:
+		buf.WriteString(unparseString(v.value))
+
 	default:
-		return makeRuntimeError("Manifesting this value not implemented yet.")
+		return makeRuntimeError(loc, fmt.Sprintf("Manifesting this value not implemented yet: %s", reflect.TypeOf(v)))
+
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func execute(ast astNode, ext vmExtMap, maxStack int) (string, error) {
+func evaluate(ast astNode, ext vmExtMap, maxStack int) (string, error) {
 	i := interpreter{
-		Stack:        makeCallStack(maxStack),
-		ExternalVars: ext,
+		stack:          makeCallStack(maxStack),
+		idArrayElement: identifier("array_element"),
+		idInvariant:    identifier("object_assert"),
+		externalVars:   ext,
 	}
-	result, err := i.execute(ast)
+	result, err := i.evaluate(ast)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 	var buffer bytes.Buffer
-	err = i.manifestJSON(result, true, "", &buffer)
+	loc := makeLocationRangeMessage("During manifestation")
+	err = i.manifestJSON(&loc, result, true, "", &buffer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

main.go

@@ -58,8 +58,11 @@ func (vm *VM) EvaluateSnippet(filename string, snippet string) (string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	ast, err = desugarFile(ast)
-	output, err := execute(ast, vm.ext, vm.MaxStack)
+	err = desugarFile(&ast)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	output, err := evaluate(ast, vm.ext, vm.MaxStack)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

main_test.go

@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ var mainTests = []mainTest{
 	{"simple_arith1", "3 + 3", "6", ""},
 	{"simple_arith2", "3 + 3 + 3", "9", ""},
 	{"simple_arith3", "(3 + 3) + (3 + 3)", "12", ""},
+	{"empty_array", "[]", "[ ]", ""},
+	{"array", "[1, 2, 1 + 2]", "[\n   1,\n   2,\n   3\n]", ""},
+	{"empty_object", "{}", "{ }", ""},
+	{"object", `{"x": 1+1}`, "{\n   \"x\": 2\n}", ""},
 }
 
 func TestMain(t *testing.T) {

parser.go

@@ -682,7 +682,6 @@ func (p *parser) parseTerminal() (astNode, error) {
 		return &astVar{
 			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: tok.loc},
 			id:          identifier(tok.data),
-			original:    identifier(tok.data),
 		}, nil
 	case tokenSelf:
 		return &astSelf{
@@ -751,7 +750,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return &astAssert{
-			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{locFromTokenAST(begin, rest)},
+			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: locFromTokenAST(begin, rest)},
 			cond:        cond,
 			message:     msg,
 			rest:        rest,
@@ -764,7 +763,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return &astError{
-			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{locFromTokenAST(begin, expr)},
+			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: locFromTokenAST(begin, expr)},
 			expr:        expr,
 		}, nil
 
@@ -793,7 +792,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 			lr = locFromTokenAST(begin, branchFalse)
 		}
 		return &astConditional{
-			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{lr},
+			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: lr},
 			cond:        cond,
 			branchTrue:  branchTrue,
 			branchFalse: branchFalse,
@@ -812,7 +811,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 			return &astFunction{
-				astNodeBase:   astNodeBase{locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
+				astNodeBase:   astNodeBase{loc: locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
 				parameters:    params,
 				trailingComma: gotComma,
 				body:          body,
@@ -828,7 +827,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 		}
 		if lit, ok := body.(*astLiteralString); ok {
 			return &astImport{
-				astNodeBase: astNodeBase{locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
+				astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
 				file:        lit.value,
 			}, nil
 		}
@@ -842,7 +841,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 		}
 		if lit, ok := body.(*astLiteralString); ok {
 			return &astImportStr{
-				astNodeBase: astNodeBase{locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
+				astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
 				file:        lit.value,
 			}, nil
 		}
@@ -869,7 +868,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return &astLocal{
-			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
+			astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: locFromTokenAST(begin, body)},
 			binds:       binds,
 			body:        body,
 		}, nil
@@ -888,7 +887,7 @@ func (p *parser) parse(prec precedence) (astNode, error) {
 					return nil, err
 				}
 				return &astUnary{
-					astNodeBase: astNodeBase{locFromTokenAST(op, expr)},
+					astNodeBase: astNodeBase{loc: locFromTokenAST(op, expr)},
 					op:          uop,
 					expr:        expr,
 				}, nil