Switch to GPT-format disk images.

This changes the disk image for both USB keys and hard-drive installs to use
the EFI GUID Partition Tables. This is a prequisite for booting with an EFI
BIOS. This change does not use the EFI Boot protocol; it still boots using
Legacy BIOS. The PMBR contains syslinux' gptmbr.bin, which searches the GPT
for a specified partition's GUID to boot.

I've tested it on my EeePC. The USB image works, chromeos-install works, and
the reimaged hard drive works. I have not yet tested the memento_updater.sh
script, but I wanted to start the review without waiting until it's all perfect.
I will also be refactoring build_gpt.sh and chromeos-install to share common
logic.

It's almost certain that all existing dogfood machines will need to be
reimaged from a USB key. We could probably figure out a way to upgrade
automatically, but not quickly or without risk.

In addition to the GPT formatting, the build_image script has changed to
emit a single usb.bin file. This can be copied directly onto a USB key and
booted. Installation of dev tools needs to happen with build_image, not
image_to_usb. I have not yet looked at the other image_to_* scripts.

Review URL: http://codereview.chromium.org/1100001
This commit is contained in:
Bill Richardson 2010-03-30 14:17:34 -07:00
parent d99d5e3181
commit 4364a2e679
5 changed files with 236 additions and 158 deletions

146
build_gpt.sh Executable file
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@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
#!/bin/bash
#
# Copyright (c) 2010 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
# found in the LICENSE file.
#
# Load common constants. This should be the first executable line.
# The path to common.sh should be relative to your script's location.
. "$(dirname "$0")/common.sh"
# Load functions and constants for chromeos-install
. "$(dirname "$0")/chromeos-common.sh"
# Script must be run inside the chroot.
assert_inside_chroot
get_default_board
# Flags.
DEFINE_string arch "" \
"The target architecture (\"arm\" or \"x86\")."
DEFINE_string board "$DEFAULT_BOARD" \
"The board to build an image for."
DEFINE_string board_root "" \
"The build directory, needed to find tools for ARM."
# Usage.
FLAGS_HELP=$(cat <<EOF
Usage: $(basename $0) [flags] IMAGEDIR OUTDEV
This takes the image components in IMAGEDIR and creates a bootable,
GPT-formatted image in OUTDEV. OUTDEV can be a file or block device.
EOF
)
# Parse command line.
FLAGS "$@" || exit 1
eval set -- "${FLAGS_ARGV}"
if [[ -z "$FLAGS_board" ]] ; then
error "--board is required."
exit 1
fi
if [[ -z "$1" || -z "$2" ]] ; then
flags_help
exit 1
fi
IMAGEDIR="$1"
OUTDEV="$2"
if [[ -n "$FLAGS_arch" ]]; then
ARCH=${FLAGS_arch}
else
# Figure out ARCH from the given toolchain.
# TODO: Move to common.sh as a function after scripts are switched over.
TC_ARCH=$(echo "$CHOST" | awk -F'-' '{ print $1 }')
case "$TC_ARCH" in
arm*)
ARCH="arm"
;;
*86)
ARCH="x86"
;;
*)
error "Unable to determine ARCH from toolchain: $CHOST"
exit 1
esac
fi
if [[ -z "$FLAGS_board_root" ]]; then
FLAGS_board_root="/build/${FLAGS_board}"
fi
# Only now can we die on error. shflags functions leak non-zero error codes,
# so will die prematurely if 'set -e' is specified before now.
set -e
# Die on uninitialized variables.
set -u
# Check for missing parts.
ROOTFS_IMG="${IMAGEDIR}/rootfs.image"
if [[ ! -s ${ROOTFS_IMG} ]]; then
error "Can't find ${ROOTFS_IMG}"
exit 1
fi
KERNEL_IMG="${IMAGEDIR}/vmlinuz.image"
if [[ ! -s ${KERNEL_IMG} ]]; then
error "Can't find ${KERNEL_IMG}"
exit 1
fi
STATEFUL_IMG="${IMAGEDIR}/stateful_partition.image"
if [[ ! -s ${STATEFUL_IMG} ]]; then
error "Can't find ${STATEFUL_IMG}"
exit 1
fi
# We'll need some code to put in the PMBR, for booting on legacy BIOS. Some ARM
# systems will use a U-Boot script temporarily, but it goes in the same place.
if [[ "$ARCH" = "arm" ]]; then
# U-Boot script copies the kernel into memory, then boots it.
KERNEL_OFFSET=$(printf "0x%08x" ${START_KERN_A})
KERNEL_SECS_HEX=$(printf "0x%08x" ${NUM_KERN_BLOCKS})
MBR_SCRIPT="${IMAGEDIR}/mbr_script"
echo -e "echo\necho ---- ChromeOS Boot ----\necho\n" \
"mmc read 1 C0008000 $KERNEL_OFFSET $KERNEL_SECS_HEX\n" \
"bootm C0008000" > ${MBR_SCRIPT}
MKIMAGE="${FLAGS_board_root}/u-boot/mkimage"
if [[ -f "$MKIMAGE".gz ]]; then
sudo gunzip "$MKIMAGE".gz
fi
if [[ -x "$MKIMAGE" ]]; then
MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG="${MBR_SCRIPT}.uimg"
"$MKIMAGE" -A "${ARCH}" -O linux -T script -a 0 -e 0 -n "COS boot" \
-d ${MBR_SCRIPT} ${MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG}
MBR_IMG=${IMAGEDIR}/mbr.img
dd bs=1 count=`stat --printf="%s" ${MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG}` \
if="$MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG" of="$MBR_IMG" conv=notrunc
hexdump -v -C "$MBR_IMG"
else
echo "Error: u-boot mkimage not found or not executable."
fi
PMBRCODE=${MBR_IMG}
else
PMBRCODE=$(readlink -f /usr/share/syslinux/gptmbr.bin)
fi
# Create the GPT. This has the side-effect of setting some global vars
# describing the partition table entries (see the comments in the source).
install_gpt $OUTDEV $ROOTFS_IMG $KERNEL_IMG $STATEFUL_IMG $PMBRCODE
# Now populate the partitions.
echo "Copying stateful partition..."
dd if=${STATEFUL_IMG} of=${OUTDEV} conv=notrunc bs=512 seek=${START_STATEFUL}
echo "Copying kernel..."
dd if=${KERNEL_IMG} of=${OUTDEV} conv=notrunc bs=512 seek=${START_KERN_A}
echo "Copying rootfs..."
dd if=${ROOTFS_IMG} of=${OUTDEV} conv=notrunc bs=512 seek=${START_ROOTFS_A}

View File

@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ OUTPUT_DIR="${FLAGS_output_root}/${FLAGS_board}/${IMAGE_SUBDIR}"
ROOT_FS_DIR="${OUTPUT_DIR}/rootfs"
ROOT_FS_IMG="${OUTPUT_DIR}/rootfs.image"
MBR_IMG="${OUTPUT_DIR}/mbr.image"
OUTPUT_IMG="${OUTPUT_DIR}/usb.img"
OUTPUT_IMG="${OUTPUT_DIR}/chromiumos_image.bin"
BOARD="${FLAGS_board}"
BOARD_ROOT="${FLAGS_build_root}/${BOARD}"
@ -320,6 +320,11 @@ if [[ $FLAGS_withdev -eq $FLAGS_TRUE ]]; then
WITH_DEV="--withdev"
fi
# Extract the kernel from the root filesystem for use by the GPT image. Legacy
# BIOS will use the kernel in the rootfs (via syslinux), ChromeOS BIOS will use
# the kernel partition.
sudo cp -f ${ROOT_FS_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz ${OUTPUT_DIR}/vmlinuz.image
#TODO(sosa@chromium.org) - Does it make sense to leave /usr/local bound here?
"${SCRIPTS_DIR}/customize_rootfs" \
--root="$ROOT_FS_DIR" \
@ -347,44 +352,11 @@ fi
cleanup_stateful_fs_loop
cleanup_rootfs_loop
# Create a master boot record.
# Start with the syslinux master boot record. We need to zero-pad to
# fill out a 512-byte sector size.
SYSLINUX_MBR="/usr/share/syslinux/mbr.bin"
dd if="$SYSLINUX_MBR" of="$MBR_IMG" bs=512 count=1 conv=sync
# Create a partition table in the MBR.
NUM_SECTORS=$((`stat --format="%s" "$ROOT_FS_IMG"` / 512))
KERNEL_SECTORS=8192
sudo sfdisk -H64 -S32 -uS -f "$MBR_IMG" <<EOF
,$NUM_SECTORS,L,-,
,$NUM_SECTORS,S,-,
,$NUM_SECTORS,L,*,
,$KERNEL_SECTORS,L,-,
;
EOF
if [[ "$ARCH" = "arm" ]]; then
# Write u-boot script into MBR code block that boots 4th partition kernel.
KERNEL_OFFSET=`printf "%08x" $(((3 * $NUM_SECTORS) + 1))`
KERNEL_SECS_HEX=`printf "%08x" $KERNEL_SECTORS`
MBR_SCRIPT="${OUTPUT_DIR}/mbr_script"
echo -e "echo\necho ---- ChromeOS Boot ----\necho\n" \
"mmc read 1 C0008000 0x$KERNEL_OFFSET 0x$KERNEL_SECS_HEX\n" \
"bootm C0008000" > ${MBR_SCRIPT}
MKIMAGE="${BOARD_ROOT}/u-boot/mkimage"
if [[ -f "$MKIMAGE".gz ]]; then
sudo gunzip "$MKIMAGE".gz
fi
if [[ -x "$MKIMAGE" ]]; then
MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG="${MBR_SCRIPT}.uimg"
"$MKIMAGE" -A "${ARCH}" -O linux -T script -a 0 -e 0 -n "COS boot" \
-d ${MBR_SCRIPT} ${MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG}
dd bs=1 count=`stat --printf="%s" ${MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG}` \
if="$MBR_SCRIPT_UIMG" of="$MBR_IMG" conv=notrunc
hexdump -v -C "$MBR_IMG"
else
echo "Error: u-boot mkimage not found or not executable."
fi
fi
# Create the GPT-formatted image
${SCRIPTS_DIR}/build_gpt.sh \
--arch=${ARCH} --board=${FLAGS_board} --board_root=${BOARD_ROOT} \
${OUTPUT_DIR} ${OUTPUT_IMG}
OUTSIDE_OUTPUT_DIR="../build/images/${FLAGS_board}/${IMAGE_SUBDIR}"
echo "Done. Image created in ${OUTPUT_DIR}"

1
chromeos-common.sh Symbolic link
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@ -0,0 +1 @@
../platform/installer/chromeos-common.sh

View File

@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
# The path to common.sh should be relative to your script's location.
. "$(dirname "$0")/common.sh"
# Load functions and constants for chromeos-install
. "$(dirname "$0")/chromeos-common.sh"
get_default_board
# Flags
@ -66,9 +69,10 @@ if [ -z "${FLAGS_to}" ]; then
# Script can be run either inside or outside the chroot.
if [ ${INSIDE_CHROOT} -eq 1 ]
then
# Inside the chroot, so output to usb.img in the same dir as the other
# images.
FLAGS_to="${FLAGS_from}/usb.img"
# Inside the chroot, we'll only output to a file, and we probably already
# have a valid image. Make the user specify a filename.
echo "ERROR: Inside the chroot, you must specify a --to FILE to create."
exit 1
else
# Outside the chroot, so output to the default device for a usb key.
FLAGS_to="/dev/sdb"
@ -80,46 +84,23 @@ fi
FLAGS_from=`eval readlink -f ${FLAGS_from}`
FLAGS_to=`eval readlink -f ${FLAGS_to}`
# Uses this rootfs image as the source image to copy
ROOTFS_IMAGE="${FLAGS_from}/rootfs.image"
PART_SIZE=$(stat -c%s "${ROOTFS_IMAGE}") # Bytes
# Use this image as the source image to copy
SRC_IMAGE="${FLAGS_from}/chromiumos_image.bin"
# Setup stateful partition variables
STATEFUL_IMG="${FLAGS_from}/stateful_partition.image"
STATEFUL_DIR="${FLAGS_from}/stateful_partition"
# TODO(sosa@chromium.org) - Remove legacy support.
if [ ! -f "${STATEFUL_IMG}" ] ; then
echo "WARNING! Stateful partition not found. Creating clean stateful"
STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV=$(sudo losetup -f)
if [ -z "${STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV}" ] ; then
echo "No free loop device. Free up a loop device or reboot. exiting. "
exit 1
fi
set -x
dd if=/dev/zero of="${STATEFUL_IMG}" bs=1 count=1 \
seek=$(( (${PART_SIZE} - 1) ))
set +x
trap do_cleanup INT TERM EXIT
sudo losetup "$STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV" "$STATEFUL_IMG"
sudo mkfs.ext3 "$STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV"
sudo tune2fs -L "C-STATE" -c 0 -i 0 "$STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV"
sudo losetup -d "${STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV}"
trap - INT TERM EXIT
fi
# Modifies image for test if requested
# If we're asked to modify the image for test, then let's make a copy and
# modify that instead.
if [ ${FLAGS_test_image} -eq ${FLAGS_TRUE} ] ; then
if [ ! -f "${FLAGS_from}/rootfs_test.image" ] ; then
echo "Test image not found, creating test image from original ... "
cp "${FLAGS_from}/rootfs.image" "${FLAGS_from}/rootfs_test.image"
"${SCRIPTS_DIR}/mod_image_for_test.sh" \
--image "${FLAGS_from}/rootfs_test.image"
fi
# Use the test image instead
ROOTFS_IMAGE="${FLAGS_from}/rootfs_test.image"
# Copy it.
echo "Creating test image from original..."
cp -f "${SRC_IMAGE}" "${FLAGS_from}/chromiumos_test_image.bin"
# Use it.
SRC_IMAGE="${FLAGS_from}/chromiumos_test_image.bin"
# Modify it.
"${SCRIPTS_DIR}/mod_image_for_test.sh" --image "${SRC_IMAGE}"
fi
STATEFUL_DIR="${FLAGS_from}/stateful_partition"
function do_cleanup {
echo "Cleaning loopback devices: ${STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV}"
if [ "${STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV}" != "" ]; then
@ -129,26 +110,32 @@ function do_cleanup {
fi
}
function install_autotest {
if [ ${FLAGS_install_autotest} -eq ${FLAGS_TRUE} ] ; then
echo "Detecting autotest at ${AUTOTEST_SRC}"
if [ -d ${AUTOTEST_SRC} ]
then
local stateful_loop_dev=$(sudo losetup -f)
local stateful_root="${STATEFUL_DIR}/dev_image"
# Figure out how to loop mount the stateful partition. It's always
# partition 1 on the disk image.
offset=$(partoffset "${SRC_IMAGE}" 1)
stateful_loop_dev=$(sudo losetup -f)
if [ -z "${stateful_loop_dev}" ]
then
echo "No free loop device. Free up a loop device or reboot. exiting."
exit 1
fi
trap do_cleanup INT TERM EXIT
STATEFUL_LOOP_DEV=$stateful_loop_dev
trap do_cleanup INT TERM EXIT
echo "Mounting ${STATEFUL_DIR} loopback"
sudo losetup "${stateful_loop_dev}" "${STATEFUL_DIR}.image"
sudo losetup -o $(( $offset * 512 )) "${stateful_loop_dev}" "${SRC_IMAGE}"
sudo mount "${stateful_loop_dev}" "${STATEFUL_DIR}"
echo -ne "Install autotest into stateful partition..."
local autotest_client="/home/autotest-client"
sudo mkdir -p "${stateful_root}/${autotest_client}"
stateful_root="${STATEFUL_DIR}/dev_image"
echo "Install autotest into stateful partition..."
autotest_client="/home/autotest-client"
sudo mkdir -p "${stateful_root}${autotest_client}"
sudo cp -fpru ${AUTOTEST_SRC}/client/* \
"${stateful_root}/${autotest_client}"
sudo chmod 755 "${stateful_root}/${autotest_client}"
@ -162,17 +149,18 @@ function install_autotest {
echo "Please call make_autotest.sh inside chroot first."
exit -1
fi
}
fi
# Copy MBR and rootfs to output image
# Let's do it.
if [ -b "${FLAGS_to}" ]
then
# Output to a block device (i.e., a real USB key), so need sudo dd
echo "Copying USB image ${FLAGS_from} to device ${FLAGS_to}..."
echo "Copying USB image ${SRC_IMAGE} to device ${FLAGS_to}..."
# Warn if it looks like they supplied a partition as the destination.
if echo ${FLAGS_to} | grep -q '[0-9]$'; then
local drive=$(echo ${FLAGS_to} | sed -re 's/[0-9]+$//')
if echo "${FLAGS_to}" | grep -q '[0-9]$'; then
local drive=$(echo "${FLAGS_to}" | sed -re 's/[0-9]+$//')
if [ -b "${drive}" ]; then
echo
echo "NOTE: It looks like you may have supplied a partition as the "
@ -185,8 +173,8 @@ then
# Make sure this is really what the user wants, before nuking the device
if [ ${FLAGS_yes} -ne ${FLAGS_TRUE} ]
then
sudo fdisk -l "${FLAGS_to}" 2>/dev/null | grep Disk | head -1
echo "This will erase all data on this device:"
sudo fdisk -l "${FLAGS_to}" | grep Disk | head -1
read -p "Are you sure (y/N)? " SURE
SURE="${SURE:0:1}" # Get just the first character
if [ "${SURE}" != "y" ]
@ -196,72 +184,30 @@ then
fi
fi
echo "attempting to unmount any mounts on the USB device"
for i in "${FLAGS_to}"*
echo "Attempting to unmount any mounts on the USB device..."
for i in $(mount | grep ^"${FLAGS_to}" | awk '{print $1}')
do
! sudo umount "$i"
sudo umount "$i"
done
sleep 3
if [ ${FLAGS_install_autotest} -eq ${FLAGS_TRUE} ] ; then
install_autotest
fi
echo "Copying ${SRC_IMAGE} to ${FLAGS_to}..."
sudo dd if="${SRC_IMAGE}" of="${FLAGS_to}" bs=4M
# Write stateful partition to first partition.
echo "Copying stateful partition ..."
sudo "${SCRIPTS_DIR}"/file_copy.py \
if="${STATEFUL_IMG}" of="${FLAGS_to}" bs=4M \
seek_bytes=512
# Write root fs to third partition.
echo "Copying root fs partition ..."
sudo "${SCRIPTS_DIR}"/file_copy.py \
if="${ROOTFS_IMAGE}" of="${FLAGS_to}" bs=4M \
seek_bytes=$(( (${PART_SIZE} * 2) + 512 ))
trap - EXIT
if [ ${FLAGS_copy_kernel} -eq ${FLAGS_TRUE} ]
then
echo "Copying Kernel..."
"${SCRIPTS_DIR}"/kernel_fetcher.sh \
--from "${FLAGS_from}" \
--to "${FLAGS_to}" \
--offset "$(( (${PART_SIZE} * 3) + 512 ))"
fi
echo "Copying MBR..."
sudo "${SCRIPTS_DIR}"/file_copy.py \
if="${FLAGS_from}/mbr.image" of="${FLAGS_to}"
sync
echo "Done."
else
# Output to a file, so just cat the source images together
PART_SIZE=$(stat -c%s "${ROOTFS_IMAGE}")
if [ ${FLAGS_install_autotest} -eq ${FLAGS_TRUE} ] ; then
install_autotest
fi
# Create a sparse output file
dd if=/dev/zero of="${FLAGS_to}" bs=1 count=1 \
seek=$(( (${PART_SIZE} * 2) + 512 - 1))
echo "Copying USB image to file ${FLAGS_to}..."
dd if="${FLAGS_from}/mbr.image" of="${FLAGS_to}" conv=notrunc
dd if="${FLAGS_from}/stateful_partition.image" of="${FLAGS_to}" seek=1 bs=512 \
conv=notrunc
cat "${ROOTFS_IMAGE}" >> "${FLAGS_to}"
# Output to a file, so just make a copy.
echo "Copying ${SRC_IMAGE} to ${FLAGS_to}..."
cp -f "${SRC_IMAGE}" "${FLAGS_to}"
echo "Done. To copy to USB keyfob, outside the chroot, do something like:"
echo " sudo dd if=${FLAGS_to} of=/dev/sdb bs=4M"
echo "where /dev/sdb is the entire keyfob."
if [ ${INSIDE_CHROOT} -eq 1 ]
then
example=$(basename "${FLAGS_to}")
echo "NOTE: Since you are currently inside the chroot, and you'll need to"
echo "run dd outside the chroot, the path to the USB image will be"
echo "different (ex: ~/chromeos/trunk/src/build/images/SOME_DIR/usb.img)."
echo "different (ex: ~/chromeos/trunk/src/build/images/SOME_DIR/$example)."
fi
fi

View File

@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
# The path to common.sh should be relative to your script's location.
. "$(dirname "$0")/common.sh"
# Load functions and constants for chromeos-install
. "$(dirname "$0")/chromeos-common.sh"
get_default_board
DEFINE_string board "$DEFAULT_BOARD" "Board for which the image was built"
@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ FLAGS "$@" || exit 1
eval set -- "${FLAGS_ARGV}"
# No board, no default and no image set then we can't find the image
if [ -z $FLAGS_IMAGE ] && [ -z $FLAGS_board ] ; then
if [ -z $FLAGS_image ] && [ -z $FLAGS_board ] ; then
setup_board_warning
echo "*** mod_image_for_test failed. No board set and no image set"
exit 1
@ -33,7 +36,8 @@ fi
# We have a board name but no image set. Use image at default location
if [ -z $FLAGS_image ] ; then
IMAGES_DIR="${DEFAULT_BUILD_ROOT}/images/${FLAGS_board}"
FLAGS_image="${IMAGES_DIR}/$(ls -t $IMAGES_DIR 2>&-| head -1)/rootfs.image"
FILENAME="chromiumos_test_image.bin"
FLAGS_image="${IMAGES_DIR}/$(ls -t $IMAGES_DIR 2>&-| head -1)/${FILENAME}"
fi
# Abort early if we can't find the image
@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ cleanup_rootfs_mounts() {
do
local cmdline=`cat /proc/$pid/cmdline`
echo "Killing process that has open file on our rootfs: $cmdline"
! sudo kill $pid # Preceded by ! to disable ERR trap.
sudo kill $pid || /bin/true
done
}
@ -76,15 +80,6 @@ cleanup() {
}
# main process begins here.
set -e
trap cleanup EXIT
ROOT_FS_DIR="`dirname ${FLAGS_image}`/rootfs"
mkdir -p "${ROOT_FS_DIR}"
LOOP_DEV=`sudo losetup -f`
sudo losetup "${LOOP_DEV}" "${FLAGS_image}"
sudo mount "${LOOP_DEV}" "${ROOT_FS_DIR}"
# Make sure this is really what the user wants, before nuking the device
if [ $FLAGS_yes -ne $FLAGS_TRUE ]; then
@ -98,9 +93,27 @@ else
echo "Modifying image ${FLAGS_image} for test..."
fi
set -e
trap cleanup EXIT
ROOT_FS_DIR=$(dirname "${FLAGS_image}")/rootfs
mkdir -p "${ROOT_FS_DIR}"
# Figure out how to loop mount the rootfs partition. It should be partition 3
# on the disk image.
offset=$(partoffset "${FLAGS_image}" 3)
LOOP_DEV=$(sudo losetup -f)
if [ -z "$LOOP_DEV" ]; then
echo "No free loop device"
exit 1
fi
sudo losetup -o $(( $offset * 512 )) "${LOOP_DEV}" "${FLAGS_image}"
sudo mount "${LOOP_DEV}" "${ROOT_FS_DIR}"
MOD_SCRIPTS_ROOT="${GCLIENT_ROOT}/src/scripts/mod_for_test_scripts"
# Run test setup script inside chroot jail to modify the image
sudo GCLIENT_ROOT=${GCLIENT_ROOT} ROOT_FS_DIR=${ROOT_FS_DIR} \
sudo GCLIENT_ROOT="${GCLIENT_ROOT}" ROOT_FS_DIR="${ROOT_FS_DIR}" \
"${MOD_SCRIPTS_ROOT}/test_setup.sh"
# Run manufacturing test setup