# GKE with nginx-ingress-controller

This tutorial describes how to setup ExternalDNS for usage within a GKE cluster that doesn't make use of Google's [default ingress controller](https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-gce) but rather uses [nginx-ingress-controller](https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx) for that task.

## Set up your environment

Setup your environment to work with Google Cloud Platform. Fill in your values as needed, e.g. target project.

```console
gcloud config set project "zalando-external-dns-test"
gcloud config set compute/region "europe-west1"
gcloud config set compute/zone "europe-west1-d"
```

## GKE Node Scopes

The following instructions use instance scopes to provide ExternalDNS with the
permissions it needs to manage DNS records. Note that since these permissions
are associated with the instance, all pods in the cluster will also have these
permissions. As such, this approach is not suitable for anything but testing
environments.

Create a GKE cluster without using the default ingress controller.

```console
$ gcloud container clusters create "external-dns" \
    --num-nodes 1 \
    --scopes "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/ndev.clouddns.readwrite"
```

Create a DNS zone which will contain the managed DNS records.

```console
$ gcloud dns managed-zones create "external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do" \
    --dns-name "external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do." \
    --description "Automatically managed zone by ExternalDNS"
```

Make a note of the nameservers that were assigned to your new zone.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets list \
    --zone "external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do" \
    --name "external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do." \
    --type NS
NAME                             TYPE  TTL    DATA
external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do.  NS    21600  ns-cloud-e1.googledomains.com.,ns-cloud-e2.googledomains.com.,ns-cloud-e3.googledomains.com.,ns-cloud-e4.googledomains.com.
```

In this case it's `ns-cloud-{e1-e4}.googledomains.com.` but your's could slightly differ, e.g. `{a1-a4}`, `{b1-b4}` etc.

Tell the parent zone where to find the DNS records for this zone by adding the corresponding NS records there. Assuming the parent zone is "gcp-zalan-do" and the domain is "gcp.zalan.do" and that it's also hosted at Google we would do the following.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction start --zone "gcp-zalan-do"
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction add ns-cloud-e{1..4}.googledomains.com. \
    --name "external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do." --ttl 300 --type NS --zone "gcp-zalan-do"
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction execute --zone "gcp-zalan-do"
```

Connect your `kubectl` client to the cluster you just created and bind your GCP
user to the cluster admin role in Kubernetes.

```console
$ gcloud container clusters get-credentials "external-dns"
$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-admin-me \
    --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user="$(gcloud config get-value account)"
```

### Deploy the nginx ingress controller

First, you need to deploy the nginx-based ingress controller. It can be deployed in at least two modes: Leveraging a Layer 4 load balancer in front of the nginx proxies or directly targeting pods with hostPorts on your worker nodes. ExternalDNS doesn't really care and supports both modes.

#### Default Backend

The nginx controller uses a default backend that it serves when no Ingress rule matches. This is a separate Service that can be picked by you. We'll use the default backend that's used by other ingress controllers for that matter. Apply the following manifests to your cluster to deploy the default backend.

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: default-http-backend
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 8080
  selector:
    app: default-http-backend

---

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: default-http-backend
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: default-http-backend
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: default-http-backend
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: default-http-backend
        image: gcr.io/google_containers/defaultbackend:1.3
```

#### Without a separate TCP load balancer

By default, the controller will update your Ingress objects with the public IPs of the nodes running your nginx controller instances.
You should run multiple instances in case of pod or node failure. The controller will do leader election and will put multiple IPs as targets in your Ingress objects in that case.
It could also make sense to run it as a DaemonSet. However, we'll just run a single replica. You have to open the respective ports on all of your worker nodes to allow nginx to receive traffic.

```console
gcloud compute firewall-rules create "allow-http" --allow tcp:80 --source-ranges "0.0.0.0/0" --target-tags "gke-external-dns-9488ba14-node"
gcloud compute firewall-rules create "allow-https" --allow tcp:443 --source-ranges "0.0.0.0/0" --target-tags "gke-external-dns-9488ba14-node"
```

Change `--target-tags` to the corresponding tags of your nodes. You can find them by describing your instances or by looking at the default firewall rules created by GKE for your cluster.

Apply the following manifests to your cluster to deploy the nginx-based ingress controller. Note, how it receives a reference to the default backend's Service and that it listens on hostPorts. (You may have to use `hostNetwork: true` as well.)

```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-controller
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-ingress-controller
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-ingress-controller
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx-ingress-controller
        image: gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-ingress-controller:0.9.0-beta.3
        args:
        - /nginx-ingress-controller
        - --default-backend-service=default/default-http-backend
        env:
          - name: POD_NAME
            valueFrom:
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.name
          - name: POD_NAMESPACE
            valueFrom:
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          hostPort: 80
        - containerPort: 443
          hostPort: 443
```

#### With a separate TCP load balancer

However, you can also have the ingress controller proxied by a Kubernetes Service.
This will instruct the controller to populate this Service's external IP as the external IP of the Ingress.
This exposes the nginx proxies via a Layer 4 load balancer (`type=LoadBalancer`) which is more reliable than the other method. With that approach, you can run as many nginx proxy instances on your cluster as you like or have them autoscaled.
This is the preferred way of running the nginx controller.

Apply the following manifests to your cluster. Note, how the controller is receiving an additional flag telling it which Service it should treat as its public endpoint and how it doesn't need hostPorts anymore.

Apply the following manifests to run the controller in this mode.

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-controller
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 80
    targetPort: 80
  - name: https
    port: 443
    targetPort: 443
  selector:
    app: nginx-ingress-controller

---

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-controller
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-ingress-controller
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-ingress-controller
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx-ingress-controller
        image: gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-ingress-controller:0.9.0-beta.3
        args:
        - /nginx-ingress-controller
        - --default-backend-service=default/default-http-backend
        - --publish-service=default/nginx-ingress-controller
        env:
          - name: POD_NAME
            valueFrom:
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.name
          - name: POD_NAMESPACE
            valueFrom:
              fieldRef:
                fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        - containerPort: 443
```

### Deploy ExternalDNS

Apply the following manifest file to deploy ExternalDNS.

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: external-dns
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: external-dns
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["services","pods"]
  verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
- apiGroups: ["discovery.k8s.io"]
  resources: ["endpointslices"]
  verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
- apiGroups: ["extensions","networking.k8s.io"]
  resources: ["ingresses"]
  verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["nodes"]
  verbs: ["list"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: external-dns-viewer
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: external-dns
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: external-dns
  namespace: default
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: external-dns
spec:
  strategy:
    type: Recreate
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: external-dns
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: external-dns
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: external-dns
      containers:
      - name: external-dns
        image: registry.k8s.io/external-dns/external-dns:v0.18.0
        args:
        - --source=ingress
        - --domain-filter=external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do
        - --provider=google
        - --google-project=zalando-external-dns-test
        - --registry=txt
        - --txt-owner-id=my-identifier
```

Use `--dry-run` if you want to be extra careful on the first run. Note, that you will not see any records created when you are running in dry-run mode. You can, however, inspect the logs and watch what would have been done.

### Deploy a sample application

Create the following sample application to test that ExternalDNS works.

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  rules:
  - host: via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        backend:
          service:
            name: nginx
            port:
              number: 80
        pathType: Prefix

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: nginx

---

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
```

After roughly two minutes check that a corresponding DNS record for your Ingress was created.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets list \
    --zone "external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do" \
    --name "via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do." \
    --type A
NAME                                         TYPE  TTL  DATA
via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do.  A     300  35.187.1.246
```

Let's check that we can resolve this DNS name as well.

```console
dig +short @ns-cloud-e1.googledomains.com. via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do.
35.187.1.246
```

Try with `curl` as well.

```console
$ curl via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
...
</head>
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
```

### Clean up

Make sure to delete all Service and Ingress objects before terminating the cluster so all load balancers and DNS entries get cleaned up correctly.

```console
kubectl delete service nginx-ingress-controller
kubectl delete ingress nginx
```

Give ExternalDNS some time to clean up the DNS records for you. Then delete the managed zone and cluster.

```console
gcloud dns managed-zones delete "external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do"
gcloud container clusters delete "external-dns"
```

Also delete the NS records for your removed zone from the parent zone.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction start --zone "gcp-zalan-do"
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction remove ns-cloud-e{1..4}.googledomains.com. \
    --name "external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do." --ttl 300 --type NS --zone "gcp-zalan-do"
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction execute --zone "gcp-zalan-do"
```

## GKE with Workload Identity

The following instructions use [GKE workload
identity](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/workload-identity)
to provide ExternalDNS with the permissions it needs to manage DNS records.
Workload identity is the Google-recommended way to provide GKE workloads access
to GCP APIs.

Create a GKE cluster with workload identity enabled and without the
HttpLoadBalancing add-on.

```console
$ gcloud container clusters create external-dns \
    --workload-metadata-from-node=GKE_METADATA_SERVER \
    --identity-namespace=zalando-external-dns-test.svc.id.goog \
    --addons=HorizontalPodAutoscaling
```

Create a GCP service account (GSA) for ExternalDNS and save its email address.

```console
$ sa_name="Kubernetes external-dns"
$ gcloud iam service-accounts create sa-edns --display-name="$sa_name"
$ sa_email=$(gcloud iam service-accounts list --format='value(email)' \
    --filter="displayName:$sa_name")
```

Bind the ExternalDNS GSA to the DNS admin role.

```console
$ gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding zalando-external-dns-test \
    --member="serviceAccount:$sa_email" --role=roles/dns.admin
```

Link the ExternalDNS GSA to the Kubernetes service account (KSA) that
external-dns will run under, i.e., the external-dns KSA in the external-dns
namespaces.

```console
$ gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding "$sa_email" \
    --member="serviceAccount:zalando-external-dns-test.svc.id.goog[external-dns/external-dns]" \
    --role=roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser
```

Create a DNS zone which will contain the managed DNS records.

```console
$ gcloud dns managed-zones create external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do \
    --dns-name=external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do. \
    --description="Automatically managed zone by ExternalDNS"
```

Make a note of the nameservers that were assigned to your new zone.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets list \
    --zone=external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do \
    --name=external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do. \
    --type NS
NAME                             TYPE  TTL    DATA
external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do.  NS    21600  ns-cloud-e1.googledomains.com.,ns-cloud-e2.googledomains.com.,ns-cloud-e3.googledomains.com.,ns-cloud-e4.googledomains.com.
```

In this case it's `ns-cloud-{e1-e4}.googledomains.com.` but your's could
slightly differ, e.g. `{a1-a4}`, `{b1-b4}` etc.

Tell the parent zone where to find the DNS records for this zone by adding the
corresponding NS records there. Assuming the parent zone is "gcp-zalan-do" and
the domain is "gcp.zalan.do" and that it's also hosted at Google we would do the
following.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction start --zone=gcp-zalan-do
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction add ns-cloud-e{1..4}.googledomains.com. \
    --name=external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do. --ttl 300 --type NS --zone=gcp-zalan-do
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction execute --zone=gcp-zalan-do
```

Connect your `kubectl` client to the cluster you just created and bind your GCP
user to the cluster admin role in Kubernetes.

```console
$ gcloud container clusters get-credentials external-dns
$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-admin-me \
    --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user="$(gcloud config get-value account)"
```

### Deploy ingress-nginx

Follow the [ingress-nginx GKE installation
instructions](https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/deploy/#gce-gke) to
deploy it to the cluster.

```console
$ kubectl apply -f \
    https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v0.35.0/deploy/static/provider/cloud/deploy.yaml
```

### Deploy ExternalDNS

Apply the following manifest file to deploy external-dns.

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: external-dns
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: external-dns
  namespace: external-dns
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: external-dns
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services",  "pods"]
    verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
  - apiGroups: ["discovery.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["endpointslices"]
    verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
  - apiGroups: ["extensions", "networking.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["ingresses"]
    verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["nodes"]
    verbs: ["list"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: external-dns-viewer
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: external-dns
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: external-dns
    namespace: external-dns
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: external-dns
  namespace: external-dns
spec:
  strategy:
    type: Recreate
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: external-dns
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: external-dns
    spec:
      containers:
        - args:
            - --source=ingress
            - --domain-filter=external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do
            - --provider=google
            - --google-project=zalando-external-dns-test
            - --registry=txt
            - --txt-owner-id=my-identifier
          image: registry.k8s.io/external-dns/external-dns:v0.18.0
          name: external-dns
      securityContext:
        fsGroup: 65534
        runAsUser: 65534
      serviceAccountName: external-dns
```

Then add the proper workload identity annotation to the cert-manager service
account.

```bash
$ kubectl annotate serviceaccount --namespace=external-dns external-dns \
    "iam.gke.io/gcp-service-account=$sa_email"
```

### Deploy a sample application

Create the following sample application to test that ExternalDNS works.

```yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  rules:
  - host: via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        backend:
          service:
            name: nginx
            port:
              number: 80
        pathType: Prefix
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
```

After roughly two minutes check that a corresponding DNS record for your ingress
was created.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets list \
    --zone "external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do" \
    --name "via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do." \
    --type A
NAME                                         TYPE  TTL  DATA
via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do.  A     300  35.187.1.246
```

Let's check that we can resolve this DNS name as well.

```console
$ dig +short @ns-cloud-e1.googledomains.com. via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do.
35.187.1.246
```

Try with `curl` as well.

```console
$ curl via-ingress.external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
...
</head>
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
```

### Clean up

Make sure to delete all service and ingress objects before terminating the
cluster so all load balancers and DNS entries get cleaned up correctly.

```console
kubectl delete service --namespace=ingress-nginx ingress-nginx-controller
kubectl delete ingress nginx
```

Give ExternalDNS some time to clean up the DNS records for you. Then delete the
managed zone and cluster.

```console
gcloud dns managed-zones delete external-dns-test-gcp-zalan-do
gcloud container clusters delete external-dns
```

Also delete the NS records for your removed zone from the parent zone.

```console
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction start --zone gcp-zalan-do
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction remove ns-cloud-e{1..4}.googledomains.com. \
    --name=external-dns-test.gcp.zalan.do. --ttl 300 --type NS --zone=gcp-zalan-do
$ gcloud dns record-sets transaction execute --zone=gcp-zalan-do
```

## User Demo How-To Blogs and Examples

* Run external-dns on GKE with workload identity. See [Kubernetes, ingress-nginx, cert-manager & external-dns](https://blog.atomist.com/kubernetes-ingress-nginx-cert-manager-external-dns/)